FM20 combined with NA and NT further improved growth performance, enhancing lipid efficiency and increased anti-inflammatory TGF-β. At the end of the growth period NT increased feed intake at both FM dietary levels. Thereafter, fish were exposed to one week of sub-optimal thermal and dissolved oxygen condition (30☌ and 4.0 mg/L O 2) to further explore the effect of NT and NA inclusion on immune response and gut microbiome alteration. Hence, a trial on European sea bass juveniles was carried out, testing two dietary FM levels (FM10, FM20 as 10% and 20% FM, respectively) supplemented with 500 mg kg -1 yeast-originate NT or NA dose over 80 days. When this NT source is seriously limited, fish might be under the minimum NT requirements, especially in fast growing life stages of carnivorous species. NT are naturally present in organic ingredients, and among them FM is known to be one of the highest NT sources. NT are organic molecules involved in many life-supporting pathways, and are the building blocks of NA, which stand as genetic repositories. Among them, nucleotides (NT) and nucleic acids (NA) drew attention for their application in the last two decades. Nowadays functional ingredients have a significant potential for improving current low fish meal (FM) aquafeed formulation in sustaining growth and enhancing animal robustness for Mediterranean aquaculture. 1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.Nicole Francesca Pelusio 1, Luca Parma 1*, Enrico Volpe 1, Sara Ciulli 1, Francesca Errani 1, Silvia Natale 1, Alessandra De Cesare 1, Valentina Indio 1, Paolo Carcano 2, Oliviero Mordenti 1, Pier Paolo Gatta 1 and Alessio Bonaldo 1 NMR Solution Structure of a Peptide Nucleic Acid Complexed with RNAīrown, S.C., Thomson, S.A., Veal, J.M., Davis, D.G.This structure expands the number of known stable helical forms that nucleic acids can adopt. Hydrogen bonds between the DNA backbone and the Hoogsteen PNA backbone explain the observation that polypyrimidine PNA sequences form highly stable 2:1 PNA-DNA complexes.
The bases are displaced from the helix axis even more than in A-form DNA. The P-form helix is underwound, with a base tilt similar to B-form DNA. The triplex consists of one polypurine DNA strand complexed to a polypyrimidine hairpin peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and was successfully designed to promote Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing. The crystal structure of a nucleic acid triplex reveals a helix, designated P-form, that differs from previously reported nucleic acid structures.
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